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plasmodium falciparum
''Plasmodium falciparum'' is a protozoan parasite, one of the species of ''Plasmodium'' that cause malaria in humans. It is transmitted by the female ''Anopheles'' mosquito. Malaria caused by this species (also called malignant or falciparum malaria) is the most dangerous form of malaria, with the highest rates of complications and mortality. As of the latest World Health Organization report in 2014, there were 198 million cases of malaria worldwide in 2013, with an estimated death of 584,000. It is much more prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa than in many other regions of the world; in most African countries, over 75% of cases were due to ''P. falciparum'', whereas in most other countries with malaria transmission, other, less virulent plasmodial species predominate. Almost every malarial death is caused by ''P. falciparum''.
== Background ==
Malaria is caused by an infection with protozoa of the genus ''Plasmodium''. The name malaria, from the Italian ''mala aria'', meaning "bad air", comes from the linkage suggested by Giovanni Maria Lancisi (1717) of malaria with the poisonous vapours of swamps. This species name comes from the Latin ''falx'', meaning "sickle", and ''parere'' meaning "to give birth". The organism itself was first seen by Laveran on November 6, 1880, at a military hospital in Constantine, Algeria, when he discovered a microgametocyte exflagellating. Patrick Manson (1894) hypothesised that mosquitoes could transmit malaria. This hypothesis was experimentally confirmed independently by Giovanni Battista Grassi and Ronald Ross in 1898. Grassi (1900) proposed an exerythrocytic stage in the lifecycle, later confirmed by Shortt, Garnham, Covell, and Shute (1948), who found ''Plasmodium vivax'' in the human liver.
Around the world, malaria is the most significant parasitic disease of humans, and claims the lives of more children worldwide than any other infectious disease. Since 1900, the area of the world exposed to malaria has been halved, yet two billion more people are presently exposed. Morbidity, as well as mortality, is substantial. Infection rates in children in endemic areas are on the order of 50%. Chronic infection has been shown to reduce school scores by up to 15%. Reduction in the incidence of malaria coincides with increased economic output.〔http://www.ijern.com/images/February-2013/13.pdf〕
While no effective vaccines are known for any of the six or more species that cause human malaria, drugs have been employed for centuries. In 1640, Huan del Vego first employed the tincture of the cinchona bark for treating malaria; the native Indians of Peru and Ecuador had been using it even earlier for treating fevers. Thompson (1650) introduced this "Jesuits' bark" to England. Its first recorded use there was by Dr John Metford of Northampton in 1656. Morton (1696) presented the first detailed description of the clinical picture of malaria and of its treatment with cinchona. Gize (1816) studied the extraction of crystalline quinine from the cinchona bark, and Pelletier and Caventou (1820) in France extracted pure quinine alkaloids, which they named quinine and cinchonine.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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